There’s nothing random about a payment card number

There are more than 163 million debit and credit cards in circulation across the UK, and cards now account for 64% of all payments. Debit cards remain the nation's favourite way to pay, used for 26.1 billion transactions in the last year, while more than half of UK adults (57%) now use a mobile wallet to make purchases.1

Time to uncover the story behind those 16 digits—because every one has a purpose.

What’s hiding in those 16 digits?

In the UK, most debit and credit cards have a 16-digit card number (called the PAN – Primary Account Number). That’s the standard for Visa and Mastercard cards, which dominate the market.

Some cards can vary slightly: American Express uses 15 digits, and a small number of other schemes can range from 13 to 19 digits, but these are less common in the UK.

So in practice: if you’re holding a UK bank card in your hand, it’s almost certainly 16 digits long, usually grouped in blocks of four (xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx).

Digits 1-6 (sometimes 1-8)

Issuer Identification Number (IIN), historically known as BIN (Bank Identification Number).

These digits identify:

• the issuer

• the card product

• the country

• the payment scheme

Visa cards typically start with 4 and Mastercard cards typically start with numbers between 51-55 or within the 2221-2720 range.

When a merchant initiates a transaction, the payments network first evaluates the BIN/IIN - this is used to determine:

• the issuing bank that should receive the authorisation request

• the country where the card was issued

• the applicable interchange rules

• whether the payment is domestic or cross-border

• possible routing paths for the transaction

In short, the first few digits of a card already reveal a significant amount of routing and processing information to the payments ecosystem.

Middle digits

These identify a specific customer account within the issuer’s systems and their exact format differs depending on the bank and card programme.

Last digit

This is known as the check digit and it’s generated using the Luhn algorithm and is used to verify whether a card number is structurally valid.

What is the Luhn algorithm?

Who invented the Luhn algorithm?

The Luhn algorithm was invented by Hans Peter Luhn, a German-American computer scientist working at IBM.

He developed it in the late 1950s, and it was officially granted a U.S. patent in 1960.

Luhn was a pioneer in information science—he also worked on early ideas related to information retrieval, indexing systems, and machine processing of text, well before modern databases existed.

The algorithm was originally designed as a simple error-detection method for identifying numbers, and it later became widely adopted for validating credit card numbers, IMEI numbers, and other identifiers because of its simplicity and reliability in catching common typing errors.

There’s nothing random about a payment card number

A simple string of numbers on the front of a card is actually a carefully designed piece of global payments infrastructure.

From coins and cheques to cards and Faster Payments — discover the fascinating stories behind how the UK learned to pay.

Payments shape everyday life, yet their history is rarely told. Paying Through Timeexplores the people, technologies, and moments that transformed how money moves in Britain.

Each edition tells a short, compelling story from the history of UK payments — revealing how innovation, culture, and trust turned simple transactions into the systems we rely on today.

Click the button and get the stories…..

Get The Stories

In the 1970s, Barclays Bank decided that what their brand really needed was a man who spent his evenings pretending to be a self-important Home Guard officer who was wrong about nearly everything.

Arthur Lowe — forever Captain Mainwaring, forever affronted, forever slightly too big for his uniform — was apparently the face that said "trust us with your money."

To be fair, it made a certain kind of sense: if Mainwaring could command a platoon of bumbling volunteers through the entire Second World War, surely he could handle a current account.

The advert played in cinemas, presumably before the main feature, giving audiences a few seconds to contemplate handing their wages to a man whose most famous catchphrase was directed at someone he considered a stupid boy.

Different times.

From coins and cheques to cards and Faster Payments — discover the fascinating stories behind how the UK learned to pay.

Payments shape everyday life, yet their history is rarely told. Paying Through Timeexplores the people, technologies, and moments that transformed how money moves in Britain.

Each edition tells a short, compelling story from the history of UK payments — revealing how innovation, culture, and trust turned simple transactions into the systems we rely on today.

Click the button and get the stories…..

Get The Stories

In 1984, Midland Bank made a bold decision that changed British banking forever: it stopped charging customers for everyday banking, as long as they stayed in credit.

Before that, banks would bill you for routine things like writing a cheque or making a withdrawal — it didn’t matter whether you had plenty of money in your account or not, you still paid fees.

Midland’s reasons were partly desperate.

The bank was in serious financial trouble after a disastrous purchase of an American bank called Crocker National, and it badly needed to attract more customers in the UK. Scrapping charges for people in credit was its big idea to stand out from the crowd.

It worked — but perhaps too well.

Barclays, NatWest, and Lloyds all felt the pressure and quickly dropped their charges too. Within a short time, free banking had become the norm across the whole industry, and it has stayed that way ever since.

The catch?

It was never really free. Banks simply found other ways to make their money — through hefty overdraft charges, by selling you other products, and by using the money sitting in your account to fund their lending.

The costs didn’t disappear.

They just became much harder to see.

From coins and cheques to cards and Faster Payments — discover the fascinating stories behind how the UK learned to pay.

Payments shape everyday life, yet their history is rarely told. Paying Through Timeexplores the people, technologies, and moments that transformed how money moves in Britain.

Each edition tells a short, compelling story from the history of UK payments — revealing how innovation, culture, and trust turned simple transactions into the systems we rely on today.

Click the button and get the stories…..

Get The Stories

Since its launch over half a century ago, Bacs Direct Debit has certainly become an embedded, hassle free, frictionless and pre-eminent way of making recurring payments.

As the new recurring payment kids on the block continue to grab the limelight let’s take a quick look at how Bacs Direct Debit (and Direct Credit) works and how it all began.

How it all began…..

Alastair Hanton was the inventor of Direct Debit, a founder of National Girobank, and a tireless campaigner for causes ranging from sustainable transport to Christian Aid.

It was in 1964, as an executive of Unilever, that Hanton came up with a solution to the problem of collecting variable payments from thousands of ice-cream sellers – by obtaining authorisation to retrieve the money direct from their bank accounts rather than waiting for cheques or relying on standing orders.

In this video recorded in 2014 Alastair Hanton says that he had had ‘many meetings with stuffy bankers’ over his idea for taking variable payments from bank accounts, but he wore them down.

The high-street banks were reluctant to cooperate with what they regarded as an interference in long-established processes. “There was a battle,” Hanton recalled. “I had many meetings with stuffy bankers but gradually, by persistence, I wore them down” – and Direct Debits came into general use in 1968 (or, perhaps, 1970).

It was all because of ice cream!

The original use case shared in the video by Alastair still rings true.

Unilever wanted to collect money from thousands of small retailers who were selling ice cream and thought that they could save costs, improve the collection of monies owing and make everything more convenient if they could be authorised to collect money direct from those that owed them money.

How it works….

Here’s a simple and concise explanation of Bacs Direct Credit and Direct Debit from top pilot Captain Roger Over and his employer International Airlines.

In this video you’ll hear the original reason for the (in)famous Three Day Clearing Cycle and, perhaps, the explanation will lead you to question the continuing need for such a cycle!

It was all because of ice cream!

Since its launch over half a century ago, Bacs Direct Debit has certainly become an embedded, hassle free, frictionless and pre-eminent way of making recurring payments.

It was my privilege to lead Bacs as its CEO for over a decade – a time in which Direct Debit volumes grew from circa 2 billion to just over 4 billion transactions per annum.

What did Alastair invent?

A trusted brand

A trusted brand, which has become synonymous with ensuring bills are paid reliably and without fuss, it is perhaps apt that the milestone is marked in a typically understated way, reflecting Direct Debit’s role in quietly moving £1.3 trillion behind the scenes, each year.

A quiet revolution

With Direct Debit part and parcel of everyday life, it’s easy to forget that when it was launched in 1970 – a year that saw the first music festival held at Glastonbury – it represented a quiet revolution of its own. Put simply, the world of bill payments was changing.

Today, Direct Debit – which is now owned and run by UK retail payments authority, Pay.UK – is relied on by thousands of service users to reliably collect funds, and has a half-century of continued year-on-year growth.

Payments without fuss

Part of the growth in Direct Debits, inevitably, is down to the many more bills we pay today.

Thank you Alastair

My time as Bacs’ CEO represents a very significant part of my career, I am proud to have played my part in the success of Direct Debit – all thanks to Alastair having many meetings with stuffy bankers and gradually, by persistence, wearing them down!

Thank you Alastair.

However, the UK’s pre-eminent recurring payment solution is facing its greatest challenge. Will Direct Debits compete, coexist, complement or converge with Request to Pay (ha ha) and Variable Recurring Payments?

From coins and cheques to cards and Faster Payments — discover the fascinating stories behind how the UK learned to pay.

Payments shape everyday life, yet their history is rarely told. Paying Through Timeexplores the people, technologies, and moments that transformed how money moves in Britain.

Each edition tells a short, compelling story from the history of UK payments — revealing how innovation, culture, and trust turned simple transactions into the systems we rely on today.

Click the button and get the stories…..

Get The Stories

The Card That Changed Everything — 60 Years Ago This Year

Sixty years ago (29 June 1966) Barclaycard introduced the credit card to the United Kingdom — and nothing about the way we pay has been the same since.

The journey from that first Barclaycard to the tap-and-go world we inhabit today is one of the most consequential — and least told — stories in British financial history.

This archive footage from the Martins Bank Archive that takes you back to where it all began.

What began as a single piece of plastic, accepted at 30,000 retailers and viewed with deep suspicion by much of the British banking establishment, quietly rewired the relationship between consumers, merchants, and money.

Today, cards account for the majority of UK retail spending, digital wallets are processing nearly a third of all card transactions, and the infrastructure built on the back of that 1966 launch underpins a payments ecosystem worth trillions of pounds a year.

Here’s how the Martins Bank Archive describes the advert for Barclaycard which helps you buy “almost anything”.

“This advert represents a strange “first” in British bank advertising history - although desperate to express their individuality and advertise on TV, British banks were tied by a gentleman’s agreement to only issue bland joint statements on policy.

In 1966 Barclays were able to break the agreement in a rather ingenious way. They advertised Barclaycard, a subsidiary company product, in Scotland, for customers of the British Linen Bank, another Barclays subsidiary company!”

With support from the Barclays Group Archives, and the Lloyds Banking Group Archives, the custodians of Martins Bank’s archives present the British Linen Bank Barclaycard Advert, not seen for decades.

Long before spreadsheets and stock tickers, before the glass towers of Canary Wharf or the polished marble halls of the Bundesbank, money was conducted outdoors. In the open piazzas and crowded market squares of medieval Venice, the beating heart of European commerce rested on something surprisingly humble: a wooden bench.

That bench — banca in Italian, derived from the Germanic bank, meaning a long seat or table — was not merely furniture. It was an institution. Draped in cloth, laden with scales and coin, it was the office, the vault, and the courthouse of a new kind of professional: the money changer, the lender, the proto-banker who sat at its centre and, through the force of his reputation alone, made commerce possible.

Venice and the invention of credit

In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Venice stood at the crossroads of the known world. Merchants arrived from Constantinople, Alexandria, and the markets of the Levant, carrying currencies as varied as the languages they spoke — Byzantine gold solidi, Arab dirhams, Florentine Florins. Before any trade could be struck, these currencies had to be weighed, assessed, and exchanged. “is was the cambista’s work, and he did it at his bench in the Rialto market.

But the bench men of Venice did something far more consequential than exchange coin. They began to extend credit. A merchant heading east could deposit silver with a banker, receive a letter of credit — a lettera di cambio — and collect equivalent funds from an associated banker upon arrival. No coin needed to cross the sea with him. The value travelled instead as trust, encoded in paper and sealed with reputation.

This was revolutionary. Credit, in the modern sense, was born on those Venetian benches: the idea that value could exist not as physical metal but as a promise, honoured because both parties believed the other would honour it. Venice’s entire mercantile empire — its Arsenal shipyards, its spice monopolies, its diplomatic reach — was built upon this foundation of extended trust.

When the bench was broken

What happened when that trust was violated? When a banker could not meet his obligations — when the promises encoded in his letters could not be redeemed, when his creditors came and found the scales empty and the coin gone?

The bench was broken.

This was not metaphor. It was, in the early practice, quite literal. Authorities — whether the guild overseers of the Rialto or the city magistrates — would physically smash or overturn the defaulting banker’s bench as a public declaration of his failure and disgrace. The act served multiple purposes: it closed the business, signalled to the public that no further dealings should be trusted, and carried an unmistakable symbolic weight. The seat of your commerce, the very instrument of your word, was destroyed.

The drama of banca rotta reveals something profound about the nature of pre-modern finance. In a world without formal incorporation, without limited liability, without the layers of legal protection that wrap modern financial institutions, a merchant’s creditworthiness was indistinguishable from his personal honour. His word was his balance sheet. The breaking of the bench was therefore not merely a legal proceeding; it was a moral verdict.

The Rialto to Lombard Street

The practices developed on the Venetian banche spread westward with trade. Lombard merchants — from the northern Italian banking families of Lombardy, many of them refugees from political upheaval in the Italian city-states — carried their methods to the financial centres of Europe. Lombard Street in the City of London bears their name to this day, a quiet cartographic reminder that the English banking system was, in its origins, an Italian import.

The principles came with the people. Credit built on personal reputation. Deals settled by handshake and verbal agreement recorded in ledgers. The absolute centrality of keeping one’s word as the non-negotiable foundation of commercial life. What Venice had practised on outdoor benches, London would elaborate into banks, coffee houses, and exchanges — but the underlying ethic remained.

My word is my bond

Nowhere is this ethic more succinctly expressed than in the motto of the London Stock Exchange and, by long association, of the City of London itself:

The phrase crystallises everything that the Venetian bench represented. In a market where millions of pounds of securities were traded daily by men calling out to one another across the floor, there was no time — and for a long period, no mechanism — for contracts to be drawn up and signed at the moment of each transaction. Deals were struck verbally, on the basis of personal undertaking, and were expected to be honoured without qualification. The broker who reneged on a verbal agreement was not merely a legal defaulter; he was a man who had broken something more fundamental. His bench, in effect, had been smashed.

The continuity across five centuries is striking. Both systems placed the entire weight of their operation on personal honour rather than legal enforcement. Both created mechanisms of public disgrace for those who failed — the broken bench, the expulsion from the Exchange, the ruin of name that followed a default. And both, in doing so, generated something that no legal contract alone can produce: a culture of confidence.

Confidence as infrastructure

Modern financial theory sometimes speaks of “confidence” as if it were a psychological bonus, a warm feeling layered atop the real machinery of contracts and regulation. Thee history of Venice — and of the City of London — suggests something different. Confidence was the infrastructure. It was the load-bearing wall. Everything else was decoration.

The Venetian banker who extended credit to a merchant bound for Alexandria had no legal recourse should that merchant default in a foreign port. The London stockbroker who sold shares on a verbal agreement had no signed contract to enforce. In both cases, what made the system function was the shared belief — maintained across an entire community of traders — that the word given would be the word kept. The moment that belief eroded, the whole structure became unreliable, regardless of what laws might nominally govern it.

This is why the breaking of the bench carried such weight. It was not merely punitive; it was communicative. It said to every other banker sitting at his banca in the Rialto: the system only works if you keep your word. The ritual punishment of the few maintained the confidence of the many.

An ethic under pressure

The world has changed considerably since the age of the outdoor bench. The Big Bang deregulation of London’s markets in 1986 opened the City to global capital and new participants who had no particular stake in its gentlemen’s traditions. The growth of algorithmic trading has replaced the human voice with the machine signal. Scandals from LIBOR manipulation to mis-sold payment protection insurance have demonstrated, repeatedly, that Dictum Meum Pactum has not always been practised by the institutions that profess it.

And yet the ideal endures, and its endurance is not merely nostalgic. Every financial transaction still depends, at some level, on the parties believing that the other will honour their obligations — that the promise encoded in a trade will be fulfilled. The legal apparatus of modern finance is essentially a very elaborate machine for generating that confidence artificially, through enforcement rather than honour. But enforcement is expensive, slow, and always reactive. Trust is cheap, fast, and preventive.

When regulators speak of rebuilding public confidence in financial institutions afer a crisis, they are, without perhaps realising it, reaching back toward the Venetian bench. They are trying to reconstitute something that the breaking of promises destroyed: the collective belief that the system keeps its word.

The long shadow of the bench

There is something poignant about tracing the arc from a cloth-covered table in a Venetian market square to the glass towers of the modern financial district. The bench was visible, accessible, outdoor, personal. The banker sat in public, among his neighbours and his debtors, accountable in the most immediate sense. When he failed, the community witnessed it directly.

Much of what followed in financial history can be read as an increasingly successful attempt to put distance between the banker and that kind of direct accountability — through incorporation, limited liability, opacity, complexity. Some of that distance is genuinely useful; it enables the scale and diversification that individual bench banking never could. But something is also lost. The broken bench worked, in part, because everyone in the Rialto could see it happen.

The next time you use the word “bankrupt,” or read of a bank’s insolvency, or hear a City figure invoke the honour of their word, you might spare a thought for that wooden table beside a Venetian canal. An instrument of commerce. A seat of trust. And, when things went wrong, a very satisfying thing to break.

Payments:Unpacked is now fully open - all content is now available to every reader.

To support our independent perspective on the payments ecosystem we navigate, we invite readers to contribute £4.35 per month — the price of a flat white.

Fuel Payments:Unpacked

A Smarter Current Account Could Be Just a Click Away

Back in September 2013 The Guardian heralded the launch of the UK’s Current Account Switching Service (CASS) with the words:

The race is on to tempt Britain's 46 million current account holders to move their money, with the imminent launch of "seven-day switching". But new research reveals that account holders are more likely to stay with their bank – typically for 17 years – than remain loyal to their husband or wife, with the average British marriage lasting just 11 years and six months.

We should blame our parents if we have a bad experience with our banks, as they have the biggest influence on which account we choose.

According to the Payments Council, the independent body spearheading the new switch service, more than a quarter of us use the same bank as one or both of our parents. "Parental influence is particularly strong for those making their first banking decisions, with almost three in five (59%) 18 to 24-year-olds banking where their parents do.

Whilst partially true for me, my banking choice was really made by my employer (a bank) as I had no choice but to have an account with them and only them (I was not permitted to hold a bank account anywhere else).

How long have you held a current account with you current provider?

How many different bank accounts do you have?

I’d wager a guess that you’ve moved your bank account more times than your parents and you are at least dual banked.

Pre-CASS Switching

Although up until 2013 changing your current account was a manual process help was provided by Bacs to transfer your existing Direct Debits and Standing Orders from one bank to another.

The service was called ToDDaSO which stood for Transfer of Direct Debits and Standing Orders.

The service allowed banks in the UK to electronically request the transfer of Direct Debit and standing order payments arrangements, on behalf of new customers, wishing to transfer payment arrangements from a previous bank account.

As of the end of 2014 the ToDDaSO system became defunct with the new Current Account Switch Service (CASS) taking over its role in account switching.

Smooth and hassle free switching

The launch of the Current Account Switching Service in September 2013 provided a smooth and hassle free way of switching a bank account, debit cards, cheque books (remember them?), Standing Orders, Direct Debits, payments and account balance from one bank to another.

Later enhancements to CASS dealt with the transfer of overdrafts - which you need to pre-agree with your new bank before you commence a switch.

Whilst CASS is a great service, there remain a other few items to consider carefully when switching your bank account.

This includes Continuous Payment Authorities (or recurring payments) processed over debit cards where you will have to change the details yourself or risk impacting your Netflix subscription, XBOX360 pass or Amazon deliveries.

Even David Cameron had a part in CASS!

The impact of CASS was even referenced in David Cameron’s account of his time in office:

Challenger banks like Monzo grew out of the reforms that made it easier for people to change their current accounts by forcing banks to share data.

David Cameron, For The Record

I’m sure that Monzo will describe their success to more than just because of the Current Account Switching Service and Cameron’s recollections are, of course, subject to a political lens but the resolve of the incumbent banks to make it easier to switch bank accounts is a significant piece of this decades PayTech legacy.

The UK’s Current Account Switching Service is something I am very proud to have been a part of - firstly, as a member of the Programme Board and then as the CEO of the firm that operated the service.

Hey there sir, want to switch your current account?

Not the latest advert from Pay.UK but this was one I was responsible for and is, probably, my favourite!

Over ten million current accounts have been switched since the service went live and more than 50 banks and building societies are now part of the service - covering over 99% of the UK market.

Whether or not Cameron’s recollection of the Current Account Switch Service is correct there is much to be proud about a free service that makes switching your current account simple, reliable and stress-free.

What is the Current Account Switching Service?

CASS makes switching your current account between banks and building societies simple, reliable and stress-free. The service is free-to-use and available to individuals, small businesses, charities and trusts.

There are two types of Current Account Switch:

• The full switch service, known as CASS, applies where the customer wants a hassle-free service that automatically transfers all payment arrangements to their new bank and closes their existing account.

• The Partial Switch Service (PSS) provides selected features of the CASS, but does not involve the customer closing their existing account or automatically transferring all of their payment arrangements. The service is not limited in terms of time and is not covered by the Current Account Switch Service Guarantee. It also enables a switch between account product types other than current accounts (where possible and when both service providers agree).

The performance of the Current Account Switch is supported by a formal Guarantee which means your new bank will switch your payments and transfer your balance, and your old bank will take care of closing your old account.

Pay.UK, together with the banks and building societies that offer the switching service promise that the switch will be easy, free, accessible and guaranteed:

Payments:Unpacked | On A (Slight) Tangent - Unscripted and unedited

Listen

Keep on Running

In our third Faster Payments newsletter from Jeremy Light’s Agenda:Payments newsletter we explore what’s next for Faster Payments in the UK - huge thanks to Jeremy for allowing Payments:Unpacked to feature this guest blog.

Be sure to subscribe to Jeremy’s excellent Agenda: Payments newsletter at:

Subscribe - Agenda: Payments

Read more

Happy St. Lubbock’s Day

Bank Holidays in the UK were introduced in 1871 by banker and politician John Lubbock, the first Baron of Avebury. As well as his banking and political activities Sir John was also a scientific writer and tried to teach his dog to read.

Read more

In this newsletter we explore 18 Years of UK Faster Payments transactions plus forecasts to 2030 with a guest blog from Jeremy Light - huge thanks to Jeremy for allowing Payments:Unpacked to feature this guest blog.

Be sure to subscribe to Jeremy’s excellent Agenda: Payments newsletter at:

Subscribe - Agenda: Payments

Read more

Trailblazer

Today we explore the story of the UK’s Faster Payments System / Scheme / Service with a guest blog from Jeremy Light’s Agenda:Payments newsletter.

Be sure to subscribe to Jeremy’s excellent Agenda: Payments newsletter at:

Subscribe - Agenda: Payments

Read more

My first financial goal

Although I’d never been to Cheshunt and I didn’t know what a Building Society actually did my teenage self dutifully visited the counters of the Cheshunt Building Society each Saturday to handover a small portion of my weekly newspaper round earnings.

In return for handing over a couple of pound notes to the person behind the count…

Read more

Dining out on acronyms

We use abbreviations every day – in writing, texting, note-taking, talking and, of course, in payments.

There are a few different categories of abbreviations, and acronyms is one of them.

When you shorten a phrase by using just the first letter of each word and then pronounce it as a new word, you’re using an acronym.

Payments aficion…

Read more

Walking to work on the 26 April 1993

My walk to work on the 26 April 1993 was like no other – the historic Square Mile had been attacked!

Read more

Safety In Numbers | 20 years of mandatory CHIP and PIN in the UK (14 February 2026)

When CHIP and PIN was introduced in the UK, it marked a turning point in how people paid for everyday purchases. Throughout the early 2000s, banks and retailers gradually replaced signature-based card payments with chip-enabled cards that required a four-digit PIN.

The a…

Read more

The first banking disruptor?

In 1984 one UK bank was concerned about losing customers and made a decision that fundamentally changed how Britain’s banking landscape operated.

Midland Bank, then one of the UK’s big four banking groups (now HSBC), got rid of fees for cheques, statements and standing orders.

In other words, it made personal banking free of c…

Read more

Should we donate cheques to the Museum of Curiosity?

With analogue (cheque) payments representing just 0.63% of the total Bacs, CHAPS, Faster Payments and Image Clearing System volumes is it the right time to join the Bahamas and decide to donate the humble cheque to that vast imaginary museum - the Museum of Curiosity?

Read more

Banks: Just Pipes for Cash?

Everybody Loves Our Dollars by Oliver Bullough explores the hidden world of global money laundering and offshore finance. Through real-life examples, Bullough shows how criminals and elites move dirty money through secretive systems, often aided by major institutions, and how this undermines democracy and deepens inequality.

Read more

In terms of the coins in your pocket, it’s useless

In terms of the coins in your pocket, it’s useless.

National Consumer Council 1983 talking about the half penny coin

Like many of us over a number of years I had accumulated a bag full of Euro denominated coins so on a trip to “euro-land” I took the opportunity of repatriating my bag full of Euro Cents by …

Read more

Remittances in an envelope

In her “Liv On Money” blog series Olivia Minnock recounts discussions with older family members about how they’ve managed money throughout their life, in a world where FinTech didn’t exist (or, Olivia questions, did it?). With Olivia’s permission, we are publishing this fantastic historical insight into money remittances in ful…

Read more